Branchless Banking Experiences Rapid Growth

Everyday financial services are out of reach for more than 2bn people in developing countries. But the rapid growth of branchless banking including m-banking is reducing the cost and expanding the availability of such services.

"All of this innovation presents challenges and opportunities for regulators," says Elizabeth Littlefield, CEO, CGAP. "Policy will determine not only where branchless banking is allowed, but also which business models turn out to make economic sense - and how far they will go in reaching poor people."

While much of the current buzz is around mobile phones, other branchless banking applications are gaining traction as well. Brazil's increase in access to finance has been accomplished largely through the more than 95,000 banking ‘correspondents' - local merchants and post offices that act as agents for banks, equipped with card-swipe and barcode-reading POS terminals.

In Russia, a broad network of bank ATMs, POS terminals, and online e-money providers offer transaction services outside of traditional branch offices. In the past five years, technology has brought 13m people in Brazil into the banking system. In the Philippines, people would rather pay one percent to remit money via their mobile phone than the 3-18% they are often charged by others.

"The market is changing, and that creates an opportunity for regulators to adapt the rules to increase the availability of financial services for the poor while maintaining a safe and sound banking system," says Catherine Martin, Team Leader, financial sector team, DFID. "The willingness to change is a good sign for poor people who need access to formal financial services."

A new CGAP/DFID Focus Note addresses the policy implications of branchless banking. ‘Regulating Transformational Branchless Banking: Mobile Phones and Other Technology to Increase Access to Finance' is based on assessments of policy and regulation in seven key countries, including interviews with more than 500 people from governments, the private sector, and international organizations in Brazil, India, Kenya, Pakistan, the Philippines, Russia and South Africa.

"For regulators, it's not viable to simply do nothing. Current regulation tends to be both over- and under- protective," comments Tim Lyman, CGAP's Senior Policy Adviser and co-author of the Focus Note. "Being too restrictive can mean fewer people in the formal financial system, and higher costs to access services. But policy makers also need to be aware of potential protection gaps."

Among the countries studied, a surprising consensus surrounds the short list of most critical topics policy makers and regulators should address to formulate proportionate regulatory policy for transformational branchless banking. These include:
• Allowing third parties, such as local merchants to conduct "cash in/cash out" transactions and interact directly with customers;
• Risk-based anti-money laundering (AML) rules, as well as rules for combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) adapted to the realities of remote transactions conducted through agents;
• Appropriate regulatory space for the issuance of e-money and other stored-value instruments (particularly when issued by parties other than fully prudentially licensed and supervised banks);
• Effective consumer protection (on a variety of fronts);
• Inclusive payment system regulation and effective payment system oversight as branchless banking reaches scale;
• Policies governing competition among providers (which balance incentives for pioneers to get into the branchless banking business against the risk of establishing or reinforcing customer-unfriendly monopolies and which promote interoperability).

"In all these areas, regulators are best guided by balancing the costs and benefits against the objectives, a proportionate approach to regulation," explains David Porteous, Bankable Frontier Associates, who was commissioned by DFID as a co-author of the Focus Note.

For branchless banking to reach its potential, consumer protection is essential. Issues include problems with retail agents, redress of grievances, price transparency, and consumer data privacy. Regulators should aim for policy that fosters, rather than inhibits, innovation so market participants are not unduly restricted from launching new financial products and services.

"Based on our research, regulators should avoid limiting the range of possible branchless banking models. They should dialogue with industry, but the private sector ought to have answers on how they'll ensure services are safe and sound," concludes Mark Pickens, CGAP microfinance analyst and co-author of the Focus Note.

Read the full report and access country-by-country information at http://www.cgap.org.